And finally, we're in the application layer.
Now, if you remember, I mentioned before, for the ease of use, the last three layers session layer,
presentation layer and application layer are thought of together as the application layer.
As you know, these three layers are already a single layer in the TCP IP reference model.
So the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process
to process communications across an Internet protocol computer network.
The application layer only standardizes communication and depends upon the underlying transport layer
protocols to establish host to host data transfer channels and manage the data exchange in a client
server or peer to peer networking model.
So let's have a look at some important protocols of the application layer.