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IPV six was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, I'm sure you look it up to deal

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with the long anticipated problem of IPV for address exhaustion.

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So IPV six is intended to replace IPV for.

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IPV six became a draft standard in December 1998 and became an Internet standard on the 14th of July

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2017.

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So instead of 32 bit addressing of IPV four, which provides approximately four point three billion

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addresses, IPV six uses a 128 bit address.

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So that theoretically gives us to do the power of one hundred twenty eight or approximately three point

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four times 10 to the 30th addresses.

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Big number.

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You can check my math later, but stick with me for now.

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I mean, the actual number is slightly smaller, is multiple ranges are reserved for special use or

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they're just completely excluded from use.

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But with a rough calculation, the total number of possible IPv6 addresses is more than seven point

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nine times 10 to the power of 28 times as many as IPV.

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For the two protocols, IPV four and IPV six are not designed to be interoperable.

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Complicating the transition to IPv6, however, several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised

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to permit communication between IPV four and IPv6 hosts.

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In addition to offering more addresses, IPV six also implements features not present in IPV for.

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Simplified header.

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IPV six is heter has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information and options which are present

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in the IPV forever to the end of the IPV six header, the IPv6 header is only twice as big as an IPV

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for header because that IPv6 address is four times longer.

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End to end connectivity.

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Every system now has a unique IP address and can traverse through the Internet without using that or

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other translating components.

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After IPV six is fully implemented, every host can directly reach other hosts on the Internet with,

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well, with some limitations involved, like a firewall organization, policies and stuff like the.

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Auto configuration.

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IPV six boards, both stateful and state, less auto configuration mode of its host devices.

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This way, the absence of a server does not put a halt on inter segment communication.

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Faster forwarding and routing.

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A simplified header put all unnecessary information at the end of the header, like we saw earlier,

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the information contained in the first part of the header is adequate for a router to make its routing

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decisions, thus making them as quickly as looking at the mandatory header.

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IP, sec.

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Initially, it was decided at IPV six must have SEC making it more secure than IPV for this feature

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has now been made optional.

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IP Internet protocol security is a framework of open standards for helping to ensure private secure

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communications over Internet protocol networks, IP networks through the use of cryptographic security

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services.

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OPSEC is an end to end security scheme operating in the network layer, while some other Internet security

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systems and widespread use to lessen S.H. operate in the upper layers, IP set can automatically secure

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applications at the IP layer.

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No broadcast.

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Though Ethernet and token ring are considered a broadcast network because they support broadcasting,

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IPV six does not have broadcast support anymore.

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It uses multicast to communicate with multiple hosts.

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Mobility IPV six was designed keeping mobility in mind, this feature enables hosts such as a mobile

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phone to roam around in different geographical areas and remain connected with the same IP address.

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The mobility feature of IPv6 takes advantage of auto IP configuration and extension headers.

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Extensibility.

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One of the major advantages of the IPV six header is that it is extensible, adding more information

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in the option part.

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IP V4 provides only 40 bytes for options, whereas options in IPv6 can be as much as the size of the

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IPv6 packet itself.

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What is the IPV six pack it you ask, you came to the right place.

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And IPV six pack, it is the smallest message entity exchanged via the Internet protocol across an IPV

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six network, but stay with me here.

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The package consists of control information for addressing and routing and a payload consisting of user

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data.

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The control information in IPV six packets is subdivided in a mandatory fixed header and optional extension

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headers.

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The fixed header starts in IPV six packet and as a size of 40 octets, which means 320 bits, its format

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is shown in the slide.

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Version is constant six payload length is the size of the payload in bytes, including any extension

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headers, Hopp limit replaces the time to live field in the IPV for.

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Well, I think source, address and destination address fields are fairly obvious.

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Extension headers carry optional Internet layer information and are placed between the fixed header

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and the upper layer protocol header.

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128 bit IPV six addresses are written using hexadecimal as opposed to dotted decimal back in IPV for.

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Because a hexadecimal number uses four bit, this means that an IPV six address consist of 32 hexadecimal

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numbers.

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These numbers are grouped in fours, giving eight groups or blocs, the groups are written with a colon

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as a separator.

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And IPV six address example is shown in the slide.

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So because of the length of the IPv6 addresses, various shortening techniques are employed, the main

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technique being to omit repetitive zeros as shown in the example.

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So as I mentioned before in IPV for an address is split into two components, right, network ID and

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a host.

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This was done initially using address classes and then later using subnet masking.

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In the unicast addressing of IPV six, it's done in the same way.

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The first step is to split the address into two parts addresses, split into two 64 bit segments.

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The top 64 bits is a network ID and the lower 64 bits is the host ID.

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The most significant 64 bits are used for routing, and the less significant 64 bits identify the address

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of the interface or host.

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This block is derived from the actual physical or MAC address in practice.

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So if we look at the most significant 64 bits in more detail, we can see that it's split into two blocks

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of 48 and 16 bits.

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Now, the significant 16 bits are used for subnets on internal networks and are controlled by a network

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administrator.

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The most significant 48 bids are used for the global network addresses and are used for routing over

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the Internet.