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So a real world example of abstraction is aeroplanes.

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A pilot flying an aeroplane from the UK to the US is not going to fly manually the whole way.

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They're going to use autopilot that abstracts them from having to check all the sensors.

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Now, in the old days they had to manually fly and then check every single sensor to make sure that

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they were flying.

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Okay, so check the altitude, make sure that their altitude is right.

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They had to check that.

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And I'm not a pilot, so I don't know all the values, but that constantly check all the sensors to

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make sure that everything was okay.

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But with autopilot they can say, okay, we want to set the direction of flight from here to there at

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such an altitude.

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And then autopilot just takes all that information from all the sensors on the airplane and just adjusts

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the aeroplane flight to that altitude.

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So an airplane pilot doesn't have to keep flying at this altitude and make sure that the plane is always

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at that altitude.

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The airplane pilot can concentrate on other tasks, high level tasks like checking with traffic control,

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what's happening, checking the weather, making sure that there's no turbulence ahead.

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And then if they see that there's a big storm or they're told that there's a big storm ahead, they

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can just adjust autopilot to change the direction without having to manually keep control of the airplane

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the whole way from London to Atlanta as an example, or to California.

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So San Francisco or wherever they fly.

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So the idea is that pilots do high level tasks rather than very low level tasks.

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It makes flying a lot easier.

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Tesla autopilot is a good example of abstraction where rather than us doing low level tasks, we give

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a computer the low level tasks and we can take care of high level tasks.

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Now, I mean, this has been going on for years.

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In the old days we used to drive and we used to have to check our speed the whole time.

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So if the speed limit, let's say in the UK is 70 miles an hour and I'm driving on the motorway free

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freeway highway, whatever you want to call it, I'm driving on the motorway in the UK.

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I've got to make sure that I keep my car at the speed of 70 miles as a maximum so I can drive slower,

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but I can't drive over that.

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That's a manual task.

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I mean, if I drive for 3 hours, I've got to make sure that I am staying below that speed limit the

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entire way.

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But autopilot and technology has made that a lot easier.

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So now on a lot of cars, I can just set the car at that maximum speed and the car will maintain that

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speed.

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I mean, Tesla's autopilot has taken this to the next level where I can say, okay, I want to go from

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London to Birmingham as an example.

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Well, if you don't know where that is, let's say London to Scotland.

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So I want to drive up through through the to the north of England and then to Scotland, to Edinburgh

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as an example, long drive for the UK.

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That is not to probably not long for people in the US, but the idea is I can put the destination into

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the satnav, as we would call it in the UK, and it will then work out the best path to get there or

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the best route to get there.

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So I mean that's a really machines doing a lot of the high level or should I say low level work for

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me rather than me having a map and trying to work out the best path.

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I mean, that's what we do with the clay.

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We are manually configuring stuff at a very low level.

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Rather than doing that, let's obstruct ourselves from doing low level configuration and do clever stuff

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and let a machine do the low level tasks.

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So Tesla autopilot will set the speed, we'll set the direction, can change lanes, it can keep me

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within the lane.

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It can do all the kind of stuff that we as humans used to have to concentrate on doing for 3 hours or

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6 hours or 7 hours, however long we're driving.

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I mean, think about it.

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You're driving long distance.

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You've got to constantly be awake.

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You've got to constantly judge the distance to the car in front of you.

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You've got to constantly judge which where you are in the lanes, make sure that you were in lane.

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You've got to constantly make sure that if the road turns that you turn properly within your lane,

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judging all the other cars on the motorway or freeway with you.

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There's so many little things that you've got to take care of.

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But rather than doing that, why not let a machine do all of that?

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Then you can relax and be there when something goes wrong.

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So the idea with automation and programmability is let's get the machines to do the low level stuff,

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and then we get involved when we need to.

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Not constantly keeping track of are we in the right lane or are we going the right speed, all that

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kind of stuff.

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Rather let a machine do low level, boring manual tasks that we have to do over and over again.

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So if it's a menial task that can be automated, let's automate that task.

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Machines are really good at doing repetitive stuff, so that's the word I was looking for.

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If it's a repetitive, basic task, let a machine do that.

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Like if we have to configure a VLAN on a thousand switches to use a crazy example, let the machine

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do that rather than me telling that to every machine and a switch.

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Sorry.

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And configuring the VLAN.

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Let me create a python script and then just let the machine do that.

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But if it's more intelligent stuff like deciding should we have that VLAN or deciding who should talk

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to who, we as humans would make that decision.

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We would apply the policy and then let the policy apply our intent on the network.

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So I intent would be okay.

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Finance department and sales department can't talk to each other.

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We can't send traffic from this VLAN or group to this group.

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We have to stop using the term VLAN because VLANs are not necessarily used in all implementations.

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But say this group to this group, they can't talk to each other.

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But I'm not going to go into the network and manually type that into all the devices.

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I'm going to tell the controller, this is what I want, and that's the intent that's then applied onto

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the network as a configuration.

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I don't have to manually go into the devices and do the configuration.

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My intent is this group can talk to this group.

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Now we apply this policy on the controller that then pushes it out to the devices as a configuration.

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So we abstracted from manually configuring things.

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Just think of where the world is going.

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We are doing automation more and more with cars, self-driving cars, airplanes have been doing it for

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years, so we've got autopilot on airplanes.

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Pilots don't constantly check the gauge to make sure that they're at the right altitude.

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They let autopilot put them at the right level to.

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So they will set it in autopilot.

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This is where we need to fly.

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This is the altitude that we need to maintain.

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Autopilot will do that for them so that they can concentrate on higher level tasks.

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That's where we're going with network automation.

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You've got to accept it.

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This is the way it's going to go.

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You manually configuring stuff is not the future.

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If you want to work on your future, then spend time learning the stuff.

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Now autopilot won't take care of every situation, just like network automation won't take care of every

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situation.

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There are times when a human has to get involved.

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A pilot, if a plane is coming towards them, shouldn't be trying to configure the aeroplane using autopilot.

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You should grab the controls of the plane and move the plane out of the way.

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If there's a fire in your network, fire if there's something going wrong in the network, you as an

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engineer need to jump in and fix it.

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If autopilot on a Tesla is doing something wrong, we need to grab the steering wheel and correct autopilot.

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So Tesla's as an example, want you to keep holding the steering wheel to make sure that you're alert

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and that you haven't fallen asleep.

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So, I mean, you've seen there's all these kinds of crazy YouTube videos where guys are overriding

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that and it's obviously not recommended.

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The idea is let autopilot do the mundane, repetitive, boring tasks, but you might get an alert where

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you have to jump in and fix something or correct something.

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Something has changed.

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Something's gone wrong.

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You have to get involved.

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So you still need to understand networking to resolve issues when they do happen.

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Networking skills are not going to go away.

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We still need networking skills for enterprises, for the data center, for the cloud.

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Networking skills are still required.

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Just the way we do things are going to be different.

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I mean, I'm quite old, so I remember the days where I used to have to drive with a map.

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So in the UK we had A to Z maps or A to Z for my American friends.

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So we had this map, these books that you would go and buy in the shops and then you would plan your

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journey.

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And I remember going into London and it was a nightmare.

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London is not like South Africa or like the US, where the roads are neat blocks.

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So because of history the roads are like windy and they small and it's not easy to navigate as it is,

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say, in the US or in South Africa.

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So it was a nightmare with an eight to Z trying to look in a book, trying to drive.

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I mean, that's illegal.

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So someone would have to help me, so they would have to try and give me directions and my wife would

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want to kill me because we would drive past the street.

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And I'd say We've just gone past the street.

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And she would try and find it in the book and it was a nightmare.

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So much easier to use.

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SatNav So I put in my destination and I'm told where to go, and if I miss a street, it automatically

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recalculated and says, Okay, you were supposed to turn right there, but you've missed that in go

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another two streets and then turn left or turn right and you'll get back onto track.

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So let the machines do that kind of stuff so that we can concentrate on high level tasks.

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I mean, the amount of stress trying to drive in London with a book map rather than satnav was crazy.

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I mean, pilots in the old days trying to fly, should I say, for hours and hours.

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Manually now they don't have to do that.

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Today we still drive a lot of us with cars that don't have Tesla autopilot.

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But you can imagine where this is going to go in five, ten, 20 years, where more and more cars would

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have autopilots so we can rest while we're driving rather than the whole time trying to monitor everything.

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I mean, we are today monitoring networks manually in many cases, and then we're having to fix things.

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Let the machines do that, let the machines do the mundane, boring, repetitive stuff so that we can

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concentrate on the high level stuff.