1 00:00:01,130 --> 00:00:02,210 Welcome back. 2 00:00:02,450 --> 00:00:06,830 In this section, I'd like to show you the Cisco IP phone start up process. 3 00:00:07,280 --> 00:00:12,950 And by doing that, explain the infrastructure requirements for Cisco IP phones to function. 4 00:00:13,310 --> 00:00:22,100 We need to talk about power, VLANs, IP addressing configurations, firmware and so forth, which are 5 00:00:22,100 --> 00:00:27,830 all required for Cisco IP phones to function before getting double tone on a Cisco IP phone. 6 00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:30,860 A sequence of events has to take place. 7 00:00:30,860 --> 00:00:34,880 An infrastructure needs to be provided for the phone to function. 8 00:00:35,780 --> 00:00:39,350 In this section, I'd like to explain phone Start-Up in more detail. 9 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:46,010 I'd also like to give you more detail on Skinny Client Control Protocol, or CCP, commonly known as 10 00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:49,610 Skinny and Session Initiation Protocol or CIP. 11 00:00:50,030 --> 00:00:55,010 So this section assumes that you've been through the introductory sections and you understand what a 12 00:00:55,010 --> 00:00:55,940 codec is. 13 00:00:56,240 --> 00:01:01,790 You have an understanding of the history of voice technologies and a basic foundation to voice. 14 00:01:03,260 --> 00:01:09,620 Now this is an important overview of the phone's start up process, and I would remember these steps 15 00:01:09,770 --> 00:01:13,670 both for troubleshooting in the real world and for study purposes. 16 00:01:14,090 --> 00:01:19,070 I'm going to mention the process in brief now and then in the following slides. 17 00:01:19,070 --> 00:01:22,400 We're going to dive into each of these topics in a lot of detail. 18 00:01:22,790 --> 00:01:25,520 The first thing the phone requires is power. 19 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:32,080 So the phone will obtain power from the switch or from wall power, or by using mid span power. 20 00:01:32,090 --> 00:01:34,240 So the phone will obtain power from a switch. 21 00:01:34,250 --> 00:01:40,700 For example, the phone, once it has obtained power, will load its locally stored image. 22 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:42,870 This can cause a lot of confusion. 23 00:01:42,890 --> 00:01:51,200 The phone will boot up with the image files stored locally and the configuration that it had previously. 24 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:57,740 So if a phone has a configuration already, it will use that configuration when it boots up. 25 00:01:58,010 --> 00:02:04,730 The switch will then provide VLAN information to the phone using either CDP or LDPE. 26 00:02:05,090 --> 00:02:09,229 Once again, I'll discuss those in more detail in the upcoming slides. 27 00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:16,070 Once the phone has its VLAN, it will require an IP address and will for instance get an IP address 28 00:02:16,070 --> 00:02:17,840 from a DHCP server. 29 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:25,850 DHCP uses a very special option option 150 to point the phone to a FTP server. 30 00:02:26,030 --> 00:02:31,250 The phone will then download its firmware and configuration from a TFTP server. 31 00:02:31,340 --> 00:02:39,320 If the locally stored image file or firmware is a different version to the version that it's meant to 32 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:45,020 use when connecting to a system, for example, the phone will upgrade its firmware. 33 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:49,610 It will also download its configuration from the TFTP server. 34 00:02:50,120 --> 00:02:59,270 It will then register using either skinny or sip to the SIU sim and then in skinny case it will download 35 00:02:59,270 --> 00:03:00,770 its soft key template. 36 00:03:01,130 --> 00:03:07,610 The SIU sim essentially sends the soft key template to the phone using skinny messages. 37 00:03:07,850 --> 00:03:11,090 So that's an overview of the phone startup process. 38 00:03:11,540 --> 00:03:13,400 Let's dive into the details. 39 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:18,790 Now once again, what is a phone require to function? 40 00:03:19,030 --> 00:03:20,920 And the first thing is power. 41 00:03:21,220 --> 00:03:24,370 There are multiple ways to provide power to an IP phone. 42 00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:32,990 The first method is to use a power cube where a local power adapter is used to provide power to the 43 00:03:32,990 --> 00:03:33,560 phone. 44 00:03:33,590 --> 00:03:38,090 This would typically be used where power of Ethernet or power is not available. 45 00:03:38,970 --> 00:03:42,540 I've just put the pot code for one of the adapters here. 46 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:48,780 Please check the specifications of the individual handset so that the right power cube is ordered for 47 00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:50,130 a specific handset. 48 00:03:50,580 --> 00:03:54,450 Typically, a phone is connected directly to a switch. 49 00:03:55,220 --> 00:03:57,740 And a PC is connected to the back of the phone. 50 00:03:58,340 --> 00:04:04,940 The phone requires power to operate, and this is the first method to provide power to the phone and 51 00:04:04,940 --> 00:04:06,650 one of the most simple methods. 52 00:04:06,860 --> 00:04:12,740 However, it does have multiple disadvantages if power is lost to the building. 53 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:16,070 Phones will no longer be able to make and receive calls. 54 00:04:16,459 --> 00:04:20,930 So UPS would be required on each individual power cube. 55 00:04:20,959 --> 00:04:22,910 That doesn't scale well. 56 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,360 So these days this is one of the least used methods. 57 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:33,410 A second option would be to use a power injector where mid span power is provided to the phone. 58 00:04:33,770 --> 00:04:38,450 This would be typically used where a switch does not support power over Ethernet. 59 00:04:38,750 --> 00:04:44,090 So the switch is physically connected to a power injector and the power injectors physically connected 60 00:04:44,090 --> 00:04:48,320 to the phone with the power injector providing power to the handset. 61 00:04:48,710 --> 00:04:54,290 So notice here on the back of the power injector, there are two ports, one to connect back to the 62 00:04:54,290 --> 00:04:56,720 switch and one to connect to the phone. 63 00:04:57,290 --> 00:05:00,680 The power injector would be physically powered from a wall socket. 64 00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:06,860 The advantage of this method is that you do not have to upgrade switches and the power injector would 65 00:05:06,860 --> 00:05:12,290 typically reside in a wiring closet where there may be UPS power. 66 00:05:12,860 --> 00:05:19,190 In the real world, this is typically used when you have a single or a small number of phones connected 67 00:05:19,190 --> 00:05:25,640 to a switch, and it's less costly to purchase power injectors than it is to replace the entire switch. 68 00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:33,350 The preferred and recommended way to provide power to IP phones and other devices is to use power over 69 00:05:33,350 --> 00:05:34,100 Ethernet. 70 00:05:34,700 --> 00:05:39,800 Historically, power of Ethernet was used for two main applications. 71 00:05:39,830 --> 00:05:43,910 IP telephony and ADA 2.11 wireless networking. 72 00:05:44,660 --> 00:05:49,730 IP phones like standard PBX phones require 48 volts of power. 73 00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:57,750 Switches and other devices providing power are known as power source equipment or PC devices, and the 74 00:05:57,750 --> 00:06:00,360 phones are known as powered devices. 75 00:06:01,020 --> 00:06:04,680 Power of the Ethernet is provided on pins one, two, three and six. 76 00:06:04,890 --> 00:06:08,040 So the same pins used to transmit data. 77 00:06:08,610 --> 00:06:14,070 That is different to the mid span power that we discussed previously, which uses pins four, five, 78 00:06:14,070 --> 00:06:15,180 seven and eight. 79 00:06:15,690 --> 00:06:18,570 There are three main types of power over Ethernet. 80 00:06:18,660 --> 00:06:25,380 The first one is the original power of Ethernet or POA, developed by Cisco many years ago. 81 00:06:25,690 --> 00:06:29,850 This provided 6.3 watts of power to IP phones. 82 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:35,610 Older models of phones that you may encounter like the 79, 60 and 7940. 83 00:06:35,790 --> 00:06:39,930 Use Cisco's Poe and require 6.3 watts of power. 84 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:48,270 The Industry Standard 82.3 AF was ratified to provide interoperability between multiple vendors, phones 85 00:06:48,270 --> 00:06:49,860 and network equipment. 86 00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:57,690 So you can connect a Nortel phone to a Cisco switch or a Cisco phone to an HP switch. 87 00:06:58,020 --> 00:06:59,910 There are different classes of devices. 88 00:06:59,910 --> 00:07:08,040 In ADA 2.3, RF IP phones fall into what is called Class three, which provides power at 15.4 watts. 89 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:15,730 Since the completion and ratification of the I triple E to 2.3 AF standard, the required power consumption 90 00:07:15,730 --> 00:07:21,010 for these devices has begun to extend beyond the level specified in the standard. 91 00:07:21,460 --> 00:07:29,140 Specifically with the introduction of Triple E A2 2.11 N wireless technology, there is now a requirement 92 00:07:29,140 --> 00:07:36,430 to provide power above the maximum of 15.4 watts available in the 2.3 standard. 93 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:44,710 Cisco also has an extension to 802.3 AF, providing up to 20 watts of power known as Power over Ethernet 94 00:07:44,710 --> 00:07:53,990 plus Poe Plus was developed because Cisco did not want to wait for the ratification of 802. 3at here 95 00:07:53,990 --> 00:08:01,930 WI plus allowed for the immediate implementation of technologies requiring power greater than 15.4 watts. 96 00:08:02,470 --> 00:08:09,730 The introduction of network devices that require more than 15.4 watts has forced the Triple E to develop 97 00:08:09,730 --> 00:08:17,320 a new Poe standard that can deliver even more power than what was defined in the triple E 82.3 AF standard. 98 00:08:17,710 --> 00:08:26,320 The new standard 82 point 3at, also known as Poe Plus, is designed to deliver up to 30 watts of power 99 00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:27,160 per port. 100 00:08:28,050 --> 00:08:35,539 The two that we're going to concentrate on in this course are power of Ethernet or Poe and ADA 2.3 AF, 101 00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:37,590 which also goes by the name Poe. 102 00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:39,900 Just note the names. 103 00:08:39,929 --> 00:08:48,270 Poe is often used to refer to ADA 2.3 AF, but in all the documentation it refers to Cisco's proprietary 104 00:08:48,270 --> 00:08:50,340 implementation of power of Ethernet. 105 00:08:50,550 --> 00:08:55,470 So just read carefully between the lines to know which power is actually being referenced. 106 00:08:56,670 --> 00:09:03,450 Another advantage of power of Ethernet is that the switch can dynamically and automatically discover 107 00:09:03,450 --> 00:09:10,500 whether an IP phone is plugged into a port or whether a PC or other device is plugged into that port. 108 00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:19,860 In Cisco's original implementation, a first link pulse or FLP was sent down the wire to detect whether 109 00:09:19,860 --> 00:09:27,300 a phone was connected or not, so the switch would send an FLP down the wire and in its unpowered state 110 00:09:27,330 --> 00:09:31,260 the phone would loop back the FLP to the switch. 111 00:09:31,770 --> 00:09:38,550 If LPs are normally used for speed and duplex negotiation so the switch wouldn't normally expect to 112 00:09:38,550 --> 00:09:41,280 see its own FLP returned to it. 113 00:09:41,730 --> 00:09:48,660 But in this case, the phone does and the switch therefore knows that an IP phone is connected to it 114 00:09:49,260 --> 00:09:51,870 and can provide power down to the handset. 115 00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:58,800 The Industry Standard 8.3 RF uses a different method to detect the presence of an IP phone. 116 00:09:59,900 --> 00:10:00,350 In error. 117 00:10:00,350 --> 00:10:07,790 Two or three have the power sourcing equipment or switch in this case applies a small current limited 118 00:10:07,790 --> 00:10:12,800 voltage to the cable, so a DC voltage is applied to the cable. 119 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:19,250 We obviously want to make sure that no damage is possible to the equipment that may be present in an 120 00:10:19,250 --> 00:10:20,300 Ethernet system. 121 00:10:20,450 --> 00:10:26,540 So the switch is going to look for a device that complies with the ADA two or three AF specification 122 00:10:26,840 --> 00:10:34,460 and thus applies a DC voltage between the transmit and receive pairs on the Ethernet cable and then 123 00:10:34,460 --> 00:10:40,160 measures the received current in amps or voltage received. 124 00:10:41,390 --> 00:10:49,670 The switch expects to receive a 25 k ohm resistance between the pairs for the device attached to be 125 00:10:49,670 --> 00:10:52,100 considered a valid powered device. 126 00:10:52,340 --> 00:10:58,880 In other words, the switch is looking for this resistance from the phone or other type of device to 127 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:01,400 ensure that it's a valid powered device. 128 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:08,210 If the switch or PC does not detect a valid resistance, power is not applied to the port. 129 00:11:08,850 --> 00:11:16,470 But if a power device is discovered, power is applied, and optionally a power device classification 130 00:11:16,470 --> 00:11:17,280 can be done. 131 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:25,890 The PFC can then detect what are called 82.3 AF clauses by default Cisco switches, assigned phones 132 00:11:25,890 --> 00:11:28,830 or other power devices to class zero. 133 00:11:29,970 --> 00:11:34,320 Now an editor or three AIF we have clauses zero one, two and three. 134 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:42,090 Clause zero has a maximum power of 15.4 watts, which is the default clause allocated to a powered device. 135 00:11:42,390 --> 00:11:46,500 The switch in the phone can negotiate the amount of power required. 136 00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:48,210 So for example. 137 00:11:49,060 --> 00:11:58,930 A 7941, 79, 61 phone is deemed to be a class two device and through CDP can negotiate down to 6.3 138 00:11:58,930 --> 00:12:01,620 watts of power at 79. 139 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:09,730 65, for example, is deemed to be a class three device, thus using 15.4 watts of maximum power, but 140 00:12:09,730 --> 00:12:15,760 through CDP can negotiate down to only use 12 watts of power at 7971. 141 00:12:16,090 --> 00:12:21,400 Also, a Class three device will negotiate down to 14.9 watts of power. 142 00:12:21,850 --> 00:12:25,090 Now, the amount of power required by different phone varies. 143 00:12:25,090 --> 00:12:31,360 Firstly, on the phone model, as you can see in this example and also the state of the phone as an 144 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:40,540 example, a 7971 phone in the idle state only requires 9.17 watts of power and a maximum power consumption 145 00:12:40,540 --> 00:12:42,760 of 12.28 watts. 146 00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:50,080 Phone model and features and user preferences can increase the power consumption on a phone, for instance, 147 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:57,790 if it's a colour screen versus scale, the gigabit Ethernet line speed, the ring and speakerphone volume 148 00:12:58,030 --> 00:13:02,650 and the illuminated keys such as message weighting, light and line buttons. 149 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:03,670 For this course. 150 00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:07,240 You don't need to know this amount of detail, but I just want you to be aware. 151 00:13:07,240 --> 00:13:14,110 In the real world, different phones require different amounts of power, and thus you need to be careful 152 00:13:14,290 --> 00:13:17,830 when specifying your switches in a real world environment. 153 00:13:19,570 --> 00:13:29,080 Now certain phones in the 8900 series and 9900 series are deemed to be close for eight of 2.3 AF devices. 154 00:13:29,380 --> 00:13:32,920 In other words, they are 802.38 devices. 155 00:13:33,490 --> 00:13:38,980 In certain cases, they require more power, especially with the use of external add on devices like 156 00:13:38,980 --> 00:13:40,120 a video camera. 157 00:13:40,690 --> 00:13:44,200 Now the power requirements for individual handsets vary. 158 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:49,060 We're not going to go through a comprehensive list of mentioned some examples already. 159 00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:55,900 Please refer to the data sheets and other information for details of the power requirements for individual 160 00:13:55,900 --> 00:14:01,450 phones and individual power over Ethernet devices such as access points. 161 00:14:01,570 --> 00:14:07,540 However, close for devices may require more than 15.4 watts of power. 162 00:14:08,260 --> 00:14:18,370 For example, a Cisco Internet 1250 Series access point requires 18.5 watts of power, thus exceeding 163 00:14:18,370 --> 00:14:25,690 the 15.4 watts in 82.3 if this is required to support 82.11 n. 164 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:29,330 We're not going to go through it in this course. 165 00:14:29,420 --> 00:14:35,090 But there's a calculator on Cisco's website called The Power Calculator, which allows you to work out 166 00:14:35,090 --> 00:14:42,590 how much power is required in a specific switch or PC to power a certain number of phones or wireless 167 00:14:42,590 --> 00:14:43,580 access points.